Priority1.jpg' alt='Outlive Game' title='Outlive Game' />The Origin of Menopause Why Do Women Outlive Fertility The origin of menopause has puzzled evolutionary biologists for the last half century. Nypd Narcotics Patch/ Download'>Nypd Narcotics Patch/ Download. Three new studies attempt illumination. The real question, though, is probably not Why menopauseRather, it is Why do women long outlive their fertility Human ovaries tend to shut down by age 5. This flies in the face of evolutionary theory that losing fertility should be the end of the line, because once breeding stops, evolution can no longer select for genes that promote survival. The most popular explanation, the grandmother hypothesis, argues that a generous post reproductive life span makes sense if a grandmother improves the survival and reproduction of her grandchildren, thus ensuring continuation of her own genesincluding genes that contribute to longevity. JPG' alt='Outlive Game' title='Outlive Game' />From around 2008 to 2012, Miguel Trevio Morales, a leader of the infamous Los Zetas cartel, spent and made millions of dollars buying, breeding, and racing American. Game Hunting Ruffed Grouse, Sharptail Grouse, Bobwhite Quail, Minnesota hunting lodge provides Ruffed Grouse hunting packages in Minnesota, Quail hunting packages in. Welcome to Cheatinfo, your number one source for Gamecheats, Action Games, PC Cheats and Codes along with high resolution game. Cheatinfo is updated everyday. This epic io game is a total feeding frenzy Take control of a glow worm and see if you can outlive, outlast and outeat all of your opponents. Play this Free Game. But skeptics say the math is askew. From an evolutionary perspective, it is hardly ever better for a woman to give up a chance to bear additional children of her own, and so pass on half her genes, for the sake of improving the survival of her grandchildren, who carry only a quarter of her genes. The problem is that these grandmother benefits arent big enough to ever favor stopping breeding between the ages of 4. Michael Cant, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Exeter in England and co author of a new study on the genesis of menopause published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. Outlive Game' title='Outlive Game' />Best of Seven Mugshots November 2, 2017. So you got busted and are now facing time in the slammer, except the judge has asked you who youd like as. The Nobel Prize winner has proved unusually consistent and enduring. The Origin of Menopause Why Do Women Outlive Fertility New research sheds light on why women survive for decades when females in many other species die after they. Outlive Game' title='Outlive Game' />When you look at data from hunter gatherers and other natural fertility populations, the sums just dont add up. Grandmothers do benefit their descendants, he says, but the genetic payoff is small compared with those of producing another child. Cant and co author Rufus Johnstone, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Cambridge in England, used game theory to argue that menopause is early cessation of reproduction that originated through reproductive conflict between generations. In most cooperatively breeding species, reproduction is suppressed in younger females, who act as helpers to older reproducing females. By contrast, they say, younger women in human social groups win the reproductive sweepstakes, because the older ones stop having babies. We showed that, compared to other primates that exhibit a post reproductive life span, humans really stand out, because there is absolutely no overlap in reproduction between generations, Cant says. Women stop breeding on average when the next generation starts to breed. This makes evolutionary sense, Cant and Johnstone say, because, contrary to most mammals, young women tend to move to their mates communities, where they become immigrants whose only genetic kin are their own children. There is no genetic profit in helping their mothers in law bear more children, because they will not share any genes with those children. But an older woman who helps her sons wife reproduce will benefit by bequeathing 2. We show that the mother in laws best strategy is to stop breeding, avoid competition, and allow the daughter in law to breed and help her, Cant says. Its the first time anyone has taken the idea that humans evolved with this sex bias in dispersal and looked at the implications for how these conflicts will be resolved within the family. The mother of the grandmother hypothesis, anthropologist Kirsten Hawkes of the University of Utah, says Cant and Johnstone are right to focus on intergenerational conflict. Elephants have babies in their 6. Its clearly something selection can adjust, she says. So explaining why it hasnt in us has to be part of the story. But she disputes their claim that female bias dispersal is, in fact, the universal humanape residence pattern, pointing out that half of the young female chimps at anthropologist Jane Goodalls Gombe Stream Research Center remain with their mothers, and that recent studies show that hunter gatherers often live with the wifes family as well. Another explanation for menopause is the mother hypothesis, which holds that it occurs because older mothers might profit more, genetically speaking, by investing resources in their existing children than in giving birth to new ones. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock, Germany, make the case for this in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology AJPA, concluding that menopause is advantageous when a woman has aged enough to face an increased risk of stillbirth, birth defects and her own death in childbirth. Researchers of a different AJPA study, based on 4. Costa Rica, believe that postmenopausal longevity is associated with an increased number of children but a decreased number of grandchildrena finding that supports mothers over grandmothers. Were not saying grandmothers do not provide benefits in some societies, says study co author Lorena Madrigal, an anthropologist at the University of South Florida in Tampa. But, we should not assume that one pattern fits all. Data on great ape fertility is spotty, but what there is shows that our closest relativeschimps, bonobos, gorillas, even orangutansstop having babies about the same age that we do the late 3. Save Earthlink Mail Files. The difference is, they generally die a short time later. The thing that makes us different from apes is not the age of fertility decline, its the lack of aging in other systems, says Hawkes. I have been saying this for a long time and I dont think its what anybody is hearing. Probably what a lot of people are prepared to listen to is the way Cant and Johnstone have framed this, that the real question is Why do we stop reproducing so early I think the bottom line is that, compared with our closest living relatives, we dont.